Abstract:Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), previously known as congenital dislocation of the hip, is a common structural malformation in the pediatric locomotor system. It is characterized by the abnormal morphology of the proximal femur and acetabulum and their relative positional relationship during development. In the neonatal period, the occurrence of unstable hips is not rare, but the condition usually becomes stable within 3 months. However, if subluxation or dislocation of the hip joint persists, pathologic change will further progress. Over time, DDH can lead to chronic pain, deformity, and movement disorders and develop into early-onset degenerative joint disease, ultimately resulting in disability. The early treatment goal of DDH aims to restore the concentric relationship between the acetabulum and the femoral head, mainly based on non-surgical treatment. Surgical treatment is applied as a people age to improve gait, relieve pain, and extend the life of the hip joint; otherwise, closed reduction cannot be achieved. Untreated adult DDH has a poor prognosis. Thus, the early diagnosis and treatment of DDH can reduce the probability of receiving surgical treatment and reduce the burden of the disease on patients, families, and society. Previous academic organizations at home and abroad have developed their own guidelines, but a consensus has not been made on early recognition, early diagnosis, early treatment, and sequential management of DDH from infants to adults in China. This guideline was developed by the Joint Surgery Group, Orthopaedics Branch, Chinese Medical Association. The most concerning clinical issues related to DDH were selected, and evidence-based medical recommendations were formed to promote the standardized treatment of DDH in clinical practice.
中华医学会骨科学分会关节外科学组. 中国发育性髋关节发育不良诊疗指南(2023版)[J]. 中华解剖与临床杂志, 2023, 28(8): 493-511.
Joint Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopaedic Association of Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in China (2023 edition). Chinese Journal of Anatomy and Clinics, 2023, 28(8): 493-511.
Nunley RM, Prather H, Hunt D, et al.Clinical presentation of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia in skeletally mature patients[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2011,93(Suppl 2):17-21. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01735
[2]
Rogers BA, Garbedian S, Kuchinad RA, et al.Total hip arthroplasty for adult hip dysplasia[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2012,94(19):1809-1821. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00779
[3]
Vaquero-Picado A, González-Morán G, Garay EG, et al.Developmental dysplasia of the hip: update of management[J]. EFORT Open Rev, 2019,4(9):548-556. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180019
[4]
Dezateux C, Rosendahl K.Developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Lancet, 2007,369(9572):1541-1552. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60710-7
[5]
Tian FD, Zhao DW, Wang W, et al.Prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in chinese adults: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2017,130(11):1261-1268. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.206357
[6]
Thillemann TM, Pedersen AB, Johnsen SP, et al.Implant survival after primary total hip arthroplasty due to childhood hip disorders: results from the danish hip arthroplasty registry[J]. Acta Orthop, 2008,79(6):769-776. DOI: 10.1080/17453670810016830
[7]
Engesaeter LB, Furnes O, Havelin LI.Developmental dysplasia of the hip-good results of later total hip arthroplasty: 7135 primary total hip arthroplasties after developmental dysplasia of the hip compared with 59774 total hip arthroplasties in idiopathic coxarthrosis followed for 0 to 15 years in the norwegian arthroplasty register[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2008,23(2):235-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2007.03.023
[8]
Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Clinical practice guideline: early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Pediatrics, 2000,105(4 Pt 1):896-905. DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.4.896
[9]
AIUM practice guideline for the performance of an ultrasound examination for detection and assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2013,32(7):1307-1317. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.32.7.1307
[10]
AIUM-ACR-SPR-SRU practice parameter for the performance of an ultrasound examination for detection and assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2018,37(11):E1-E5. DOI: 10.1002/jum.14829
[11]
Nguyen JC, Dorfman SR, Rigsby CK, et al.ACR appropriateness criteria® developmental dysplasia of the hip-child[J]. J Am Coll Radiol, 2019,16(5S):S94-S103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2019.02.014
[12]
Mulpuri K, Song KM, Gross RH, et al.The american academy of orthopaedic surgeons evidence-based guideline on detection and nonoperative management of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants up to six months of age[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2015,97(20):1717-1718. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.O.00500
中华医学会小儿外科分会骨科学组, 中华医学会骨科学分会小儿创伤矫形学组. 发育性髋关节发育不良临床诊疗指南(0~2岁)[J] . 中华骨科杂志,2017,37(11): 641-650. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2017.11.001.Chinese Medical Association Pediatric Surgery Branch Orthopaedic Group, Chinese Medical Association Orthopaedic Branch Pediatric Trauma and Orthopaedic Group. Detection and treatment of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip in children up to two year of age:clinical practice guideline[J]. Chin J Orthop, 2017,37(11): 641-650. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2017.11.001
[16]
O'Beirne JG, Chlapoutakis K, Alshryda S, et al. International interdisciplinary consensus meeting on the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Ultraschall Med, 2019,40(4):454-464. DOI: 10.1055/a-0924-5491
[17]
Wang Y.Current concepts in developmental dysplasia of the hip and total hip arthroplasty[J]. Arthroplasty, 2019,1(1):2. DOI: 10.1186/s42836-019-0004-6
[18]
Hinderaker T, Daltveit AK, Irgens LM, et al.The impact of intra-uterine factors on neonatal hip instability. an analysis of 1,059,479 children in norway[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1994,65(3):239-242. DOI: 10.3109/17453679408995446
[19]
Koureas G, Wicart P, Seringe R.Etiology of developmental hip dysplasia or dislocation: review article[J]. Hip Int, 2007, 17(Suppl 5): S1-S7. DOI: 10.1177/112070000701705S01
[20]
Greber EM, Pelt CE, Gililland JM, et al.Challenges in total hip arthroplasty in the setting of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2017,32(9S):S38-S44. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.02.024
[21]
Ponseti IV.Growth and development of the acetabulum in the normal child. Anatomical, histological, and roentgenographic studies[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1978, 60(5): 575-585. DOI:10.2106/00004623-197860050-00001
[22]
Dunn PM.The anatomy and pathology of congenital dislocation of the hip[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1976(119): 23-27. DOI:10.1097/00003086-197609000-00005
[23]
Jacobsen S, Rømer L, Søballe K.Degeneration in dysplastic hips. A computer tomography study[J]. Skeletal Radiol, 2005,34(12):778-784. DOI: 10.1007/s00256-005-0019-7
[24]
Bos CF, Bloem JL.Treatment of dislocation of the hip, detected in early childhood, based on magnetic resonance imaging[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1989, 71(10): 1523-1529. DOI:10.2106/00004623-198971100-00011
[25]
Roach JW, Hobatho MC, Baker KJ, et al.Three-dimensional computer analysis of complex acetabular insufficiency[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1997,17(2):158-164. DOI: 10.1097/00004694-199703000-00004
[26]
倪庆宾, 郭宗远, 王继孟. 髋臼的正常发育及发育性髋关节脱位的病理形态学变化[J].临床小儿外科杂志,2002,1(2):132-134,149. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2002.02.017.Ni QB, Guo ZY, Wang JZ.Normal development of acetabula and pathomorphological changes of developmental dislocation of the hip joint[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery,2002,1(2):132-134,149. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2002.02.017
[27]
Noble PC, Kamaric E, Sugano N, et al.Three-dimensional shape of the dysplastic femur: implications for THR[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003(417): 27-40
[28]
Harrison TJ.The influence of the femoral head on pelvic growth and acetabular form in the rat[J]. J Anat, 1961,95(Pt 1):12-24
[29]
Liu RY, Wang KZ, Wang CS, et al.Evaluation of medial acetabular wall bone stock in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip using a helical computed tomography multiplanar reconstruction technique[J]. Acta Radiol, 2009,50(7):791-797. DOI: 10.1080/02841850903049366
[30]
Zhang H, Zhou JS, Guan JZ, et al.How to restore rotation center in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip by recognizing the pathomorphology of acetabulum and harris fossa?[J]. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019,14(1):339. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1373-9
[31]
Jia J, Li L, Zhang L, et al.Three dimensional-CT evaluation of femoral neck anteversion, acetabular anteversion and combined anteversion in unilateral DDH in an early walking age group[J]. Int Orthop, 2012,36(1):119-124. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1337-0
[32]
Wu X, Li SH, Lou LM, et al.The techniques of soft tissue release and true socket reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty for patients with severe developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Int Orthop, 2012,36(9):1795-1801. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-012-1622-6
[33]
Schmitz MR, Murtha AS, Clohisy JC.Developmental dysplasia of the hip in adolescents and young adults[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2020,28(3):91-101. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00533
[34]
Bialik V, Bialik GM, Blazer S, et al.Developmental dysplasia of the hip: a new approach to incidence[J]. Pediatrics, 1999,103(1):93-99. DOI: 10.1542/peds.103.1.93
[35]
Loder RT, Skopelja EN.The epidemiology and demographics of hip dysplasia[J]. ISRN Orthop, 2011,2011:238607. DOI: 10.5402/2011/238607
[36]
吉士俊. 发育性髋脱位的新生儿筛查及预防[J].继续医学教育,2006,20(18):89-91. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6763.2006.18.026.Ji SJ.Newborn Screening and Precaution on Developmental Hip Dislocated[J]. Continuing Medical Education, 2006,20(18):89-91. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6763.2006.18.026
[37]
底垚宗, 杨建平, 王雯雯, 等. 天津市发育性髋关节异常的早期筛查[J]. 中华骨科杂志,2011,31(5): 463-468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2011.05.009.Di YZ, Yang JP, Zhang ZL, et al.Early screening of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Tianjin[J]. Chin J Orthop, 2011, 31(5): 463-468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2011.05.009
[38]
Tong SH, Eid MA, Chow W, et al.Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in hong kong[J]. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2011,19(2):200-203. DOI: 10.1177/230949901101900214
[39]
Chang CH, Chiang YT, Lee ZL, et al.Incidence of surgery in developmental dysplasia of the hip in taiwan[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2007,106(6):462-466. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60295-3
[40]
王玉欢, 王加宽, 盛春勇, 等. 扬州市婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良发病率及流行病学特征研究[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2021,42(8):727-731. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn421158-20200314-00166.Wang YH, Wang JK, Sheng CY, et al.Incidence and epidemiological characteristics of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Yangzhou[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2021, 42(8): 727-731. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn421158-20200314-00166
[41]
Gosvig KK, Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, et al.Prevalence of malformations of the hip joint and their relationship to sex, groin pain, and risk of osteoarthritis: a population-based survey[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2010,92(5):1162-1169. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.H.01674
[42]
赵胜军, 赵丽, 韩永台. 成人髋臼发育不良的诊断和治疗现状[J].大连医科大学学报,2016,38(1):93-96. DOI: 10.11724/jdmu.2016.01.23.Zhao SJ, Zhao L, Han YT.Current diagnosis and management of acetabular dysplasia[J]. Journal of Dalian Medical University ,2016, 38(1) :93-96. DOI: 10.11724/jdmu.2016.01.23
[43]
王隼, 焦勤, 周在威, 等. 发育性髋关节脱位家系全基因组外显子测序研究[J] . 中华小儿外科杂志,2018,39(3): 171-177. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2018.03.003.Wang S, Jiao Q, Zhou ZW, et al.Whole-exome analysis in pedigree of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2018,39(3): 171-177. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2018.03.003
[44]
Stevenson DA, Mineau G, Kerber RA, et al.Familial predisposition to developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2009,29(5):463-466. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181aa586b
[45]
Lehmann HP, Hinton R, Morello P, et al.Developmental dysplasia of the hip practice guideline: technical report. committee on quality improvement, and subcommittee on developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Pediatrics, 2000,105(4):E57. DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.4.e57
[46]
Ortiz-Neira CL, Paolucci EO, Donnon T.A meta-analysis of common risk factors associated with the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborns[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2012,81(3):e344-351. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.11.003
[47]
Wynne-Davies R.Acetabular dysplasia and familial joint laxity: two etiological factors in congenital dislocation of the hip. A review of 589 patients and their families[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1970, 52(4): 704-716. DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.52B4.704
[48]
Kural B, Devecioğlu Karapınar E, Yılmazbaş P, et al.Risk factor assessment and a ten-year experience of DDH screening in a well-child population[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2019,2019:7213681. DOI: 10.1155/2019/7213681
[49]
Chan A, McCaul KA, Cundy PJ, et al. Perinatal risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 1997,76(2):F94-F100. DOI: 10.1136/fn.76.2.f94
[50]
Shaw BA, Segal LS.Evaluation and referral for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants[J]. Pediatrics, 2016,138(6):e20163107. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3107
[51]
D'Alessandro M, Dow K. Investigating the need for routine ultrasound screening to detect developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants born with breech presentation[J]. Paediatr Child Health, 2019,24(2):e88-e93. DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxy081
[52]
Lambeek AF, De Hundt M, Vlemmix F, et al.Risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip in breech presentation: the effect of successful external cephalic version[J]. BJOG, 2013,120(5):607-612. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12013
[53]
Kumar SJ, MacEwen GD. The incidence of hip dysplasia with metatarsus adductus[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1982(164): 234-235
Witting M, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Fleuren MA, et al.Predicting participation in ultrasound hip screening from message framing[J]. Health Commun, 2012,27(2):186-193. DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2011.571760
[56]
Langer R.Ultrasonic investigation of the hip in newborns in the diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation: classification and results of a screening program[J]. Skeletal Radiol, 1987,16(4):275-279. DOI: 10.1007/BF00361468
[57]
Rosendahl K, Markestad T, Lie RT.Ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in the neonate: the effect on treatment rate and prevalence of late cases[J]. Pediatrics, 1994, 94(1): 47-52
[58]
Vedantam R, Bell MJ.Dynamic ultrasound assessment for monitoring of treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1995,15(6):725-728. DOI: 10.1097/01241398-199511000-00002
[59]
Abril JC, Berjano P, Díaz A.Concordance between hip ultrasonography and hip arthrography in the assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop B, 1999, 8(4): 264-267
[60]
Donnelly KJ, Chan KW, Cosgrove AP. Delayed diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip in northern ireland: can we do better?[J]. Bone Joint J, 2015,97-B(11):1572-1576. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.97B11.35286
[61]
Gokharman FD, Aydin S, Fatihoglu E, et al.Optimizing the time for developmental dysplasia of the hip screening: earlier or later?[J]. Ultrasound Q, 2019,35(2):130-135. DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000348
[62]
Elbourne D, Dezateux C, Arthur R, et al.Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of developmental hip dysplasia (UK hip trial): clinical and economic results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2002,360(9350):2009-2017. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)12024-1
[63]
Burger BJ, Burger JD, Bos CF, et al.Neonatal screening and staggered early treatment for congenital dislocation or dysplasia of the hip[J]. Lancet, 1990,336(8730):1549-1553. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93317-i
[64]
Petchprapa CN, Rybak LD, Dunham KS, et al.Labral and cartilage abnormalities in young patients with hip pain: accuracy of 3-tesla indirect MR arthrography[J]. Skeletal Radiol, 2015,44(1):97-105. DOI: 10.1007/s00256-014-2013-4
[65]
黄威, 邹颖君, 郑海平, 等. 髋关节超声检查台架在Graf法髋关节超声检查中的作用[J].临床超声医学杂志,2013,15(3):189-191. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-6978.2013.03.016.Huang W, Zhou YJ, Zheng HP, et al.The role of hip ultrasound bench in Graf method of hip ultrasound[J]. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound in Medicine,2013,15(3):189-191. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-6978.2013.03.016
[66]
Graf R.Classification of hip joint dysplasia by means of sonography[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (1978), 1984,102(4):248-255. DOI: 10.1007/BF00436138
[67]
Clarke NM, Harcke HT, McHugh P, et al. Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1985,67(3):406-412. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.67B3.3889008
[68]
Graf R, Tschauner C, Klapsch W.Progress in prevention of late developmental dislocation of the hip by sonographic newborn hip "screening": results of a comparative follow-up study[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1993, 2(2): 115-121. DOI:10.1097/01202412-199302020-00005
[69]
Graf R.New possibilities for the diagnosis of congenital hip joint dislocation by ultrasonography[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1983,3(3):354-359. DOI: 10.1097/01241398-198307000-00015
[70]
陆艳红, 陈星, 宋媛, 等. 发育性髋关节发育不良6 009例超声筛查结果分析[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2019,27(10):1112-1114. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0308.Lu YH, Chen X, Song Y, et al.Analysis on ultrasonic screening results of developmental dysplasia of the hip in 6 009 infants[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 2019,27(10):1112-1114. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2019-0308
[71]
Graf R.Is DDH still a problem?[J]. Arch Bone Jt Surg, 2014,2(1):2-3
[72]
Holen KJ, Tegnander A, Bredland T, et al.Universal or selective screening of the neonatal hip using ultrasound? A prospective, randomised trial of 15,529 newborn infants[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002,84(6):886-890. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b6.12093
[73]
Biedermann R, Riccabona J, Giesinger JM, et al. Results of universal ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: a prospective follow-up of 28 092 consecutive infants[J]. Bone Joint J, 2018,100-B(10):1399-1404. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.100B10.BJJ-2017-1539.R2
[74]
Graf R.The use of ultrasonography in developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2007, 41(Suppl 1):6-13
Laborie LB, Engesæter IØ, Lehmann TG, et al.Screening strategies for hip dysplasia: long-term outcome of a randomized controlled trial[J]. Pediatrics, 2013,132(3):492-501. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0911
[77]
潘蕾, 张中礼, 张涛, 等. 天津市婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良的筛查结果及危险因素分析[J].中华骨科杂志,2022,42(9):570-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20211224-00743.Pan L, Zhang ZL, Zhang T, et al.Screening results and analysis of risk factors of developmental dysplasia of hip in infants in Tianjin[J]. Chin J Orthop, 2022, 42(9): 570-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20211224-00743
Harcke HT, Grissom LE.Pediatric hip sonography. diagnosis and differential diagnosis[J]. Radiol Clin North Am, 1999,37(4):787-796. DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(05)70129-9
[83]
Kim HT, Wenger DR.Location of acetabular deficiency and associated hip dislocation in neuromuscular hip dysplasia: three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1997,17(2):143-151. DOI: 10.1097/00004694-199703000-00002
[84]
Gruel CR, Birch JG, Roach JW, et al.Teratologic dislocation of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1986,6(6):693-702. DOI: 10.1097/01241398-198611000-00009
[85]
Katz JF.Teratological hip dislocation[J]. Isr J Med Sci, 1980, 16(4): 238-244
[86]
Sewell MD, Eastwood DM.Screening and treatment in developmental dysplasia of the hip-where do we go from here?[J]. Int Orthop, 2011,35(9):1359-1367. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1257-z
[87]
Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhagen AP, et al.Influence of hip dysplasia on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2004,63(6):621-626. DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.009860
[88]
Stoker DJ.Congenital dysplasia and clislocation of the hip in Children and aduts[J]. Clin Radiol, 1988, 39(3):277. DOI: 1016/S0009-9260(88)80531-2
[89]
Narayanan U, Mulpuri K, Sankar WN, et al.Reliability of a new radiographic classification for developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2015,35(5):478-484. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000318
[90]
Crowe JF, Mani VJ, Ranawat CS.Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip[J]. JBJS, 1979, 61(1): 15-23. DOI:10.2106/00004623-197961010-00004
[91]
Hartofilakidis G, Yiannakopoulos CK, Babis GC.The morphologic variations of low and high hip dislocation[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2008,466(4):820-824. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0131-9
[92]
Thomas SR. A review of long-term outcomes for late presenting developmental hip dysplasia[J]. Bone Joint J, 2015,97-B(6):729-733. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.97B6.35395
[93]
Weinstein SL, Mubarak SJ, Wenger DR.Developmental hip dysplasia and dislocation: part II[J]. Instr Course Lect, 2004,53:531-542
Terjesen T.Residual hip dysplasia as a risk factor for osteoarthritis in 45 years follow-up of late-detected hip dislocation[J]. J Child Orthop, 2011,5(6):425-431. DOI: 10.1007/s11832-011-0370-2
[96]
Lindstrom JR, Ponseti IV, Wenger DR.Acetabular development after reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip[J]. JBJS, 1979, 61(1):112-118. DOI:10.2106/00004623-197961010-00020
[97]
Cherney DL, Westin GW. Acetabular development in the infant's dislocated hips [J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1989(242) DOI:10.1097/00003086-198905000-00010
[98]
Albinana J, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, et al.Acetabular dysplasia after treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip. implications for secondary procedures[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2004,86(6):876-886. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.86b6.14441
[99]
张洪, 罗殿中, 程徽. 成人髋关节发育不良保髋工作进展[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2018,32(7):854-859. DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806079.Hong Z, Dianzhong L, Hui C.Development of hip preservation in treating adult hip dysplasia[J].Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery,2018,32(7):854-859. DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806079
[100]
Polkowski GG, Novais EN, Kim YJ, et al.Does previous reconstructive surgery influence functional improvement and deformity correction after periacetabular osteotomy?[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012,470(2):516-524. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-2158-6
[101]
Harris WH.Etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1986(213): 20-33. DOI:10.1097/00003086-198612000-00004
[102]
Wyles CC, Heidenreich MJ, Jeng J, et al.The john charnley award: redefining the natural history of osteoarthritis in patients with hip dysplasia and impingement[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017,475(2):336-350. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4815-2
[103]
Ömeroğlu H, Köse N, Akceylan A.Success of pavlik harness treatment decreases in patients ≥ 4 months and in ultrasonographically dislocated hips in developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2016,474(5):1146-1152. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4388-5
[104]
Harcke HT.Developmental dysplasia of the hip: a spectrum of abnormality[J]. Pediatrics, 1999,103(1):152. DOI: 10.1542/peds.103.1.152
[105]
Lorente Moltó FJ, Gregori AM, Casas LM, et al.Three-year prospective study of developmental dysplasia of the hip at birth: should all dislocated or dislocatable hips be treated?[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2002, 22(5): 613-621. DOI:10.1097/01241398-200209000-00009
[106]
Wood MK, Conboy V, Benson MK.Does early treatment by abduction splintage improve the development of dysplastic but stable neonatal hips?[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2000, 20(3): 302-305. DOI:10.1097/01241398-200005000-00006
[107]
陈兆强, 杨建平, 张中礼, 等. 婴儿Graf Ⅱa型髋关节自然转归及治疗指征的前瞻性研究[J].中华骨科杂志,2017,37(7):385-392. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2017.07.001.Chen ZQ, Yang JP, Zhang ZL, et al.A prospective study of the natural outcome and treatment indications of infant Graf Ⅱa hip dysplasia[J]. Cite as Chin J Orthop, 2017,37(7): 385-392. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2017.07.001
[108]
Hines AC, Neal DC, Beckwith T, et al.A comparison of pavlik harness treatment regimens for dislocated but reducible (ortolani+) hips in infantile developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2019,39(10):505-509. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001052
[109]
Novais EN, Kestel LA, Carry PM, et al.Higher pavlik harness treatment failure is seen in graf type IV ortolani-positive hips in males[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2016,474(8):1847-1854. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4776-5
[110]
Hedequist D, Kasser J, Emans J.Use of an abduction brace for developmental dysplasia of the hip after failure of Pavlik harness use[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2003, 23(2): 175-177. DOI:10.1097/01241398-200303000-00008
[111]
Cashman JP, Round J, Taylor G, et al.The natural history of developmental dysplasia of the hip after early supervised treatment in the pavlik harness. A prospective, longitudinal follow-up[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002,84(3):418-425. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.84b3.12230
[112]
Gans I, Flynn JM, Sankar WN.Abduction bracing for residual acetabular dysplasia in infantile DDH[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2013,33(7):714-718. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31829d5704
[113]
Weinstein SL.Developmental hip dysplasia and dislocation[M]. Philadelphia: Woltersk Kluwer Health, 2014: 983
Murray T, Cooperman DR, Thompson GH, et al.Closed reduction for treatment of development dysplasia of the hip in children[J]. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 2007, 36(2): 82-84. DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.031
Kamath SU, Bennet GC.Re-dislocation following open reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Int Orthop, 2005,29(3):191-194. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-005-0654-6
[119]
Wada A, Fujii T, Takamura K, et al.Pemberton osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip in older children[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2003, 23(4): 508-513. DOI:10.1097/01241398-200307000-00018
[120]
Subasi M, Arslan H, Cebesoy O, et al.Outcome in unilateral or bilateral DDH treated with one-stage combined procedure[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2008,466(4):830-836. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0162-2
[121]
Siebenrock KA, Schöll E, Lottenbach M,, et al.Bernese periacetabular osteotomy[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1999(363):9-20. DOI:10.1097/00003086-199906000-00003
[122]
Yang S, Zusman N, Lieberman E, et al. Developmental dysplasia of the hip[J]. Pediatrics, 2019,143(1):e20181147 [pii]. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1147
Leunig M, Ganz R.Evolution of technique and indications for the bernese periacetabular osteotomy[J]. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis, 2011,69(Suppl 1):S42-S46
[125]
Wells J, Millis M, Kim YJ, et al.Survivorship of the bernese periacetabular osteotomy: what factors are associated with long-term failure?[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017,475(2):396-405. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-4887-z
[126]
Heikkilä E.Comparison of the frejka pillow and the von rosen splint in treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 1988,8(1):20-21. DOI: 10.1097/01241398-198801000-00005
[127]
Mulpuri K, Song KM.AAOS clinical practice guideline: detection and nonoperative management of pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants up to six months of age[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2015,23(3):206-207. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00008
[128]
Parvizi J, Bican O, Bender B, et al.Arthroscopy for labral tears in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: a cautionary note[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2009,24(6 Suppl):110-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2009.05.021
[129]
Kain MS, Novais EN, Vallim C, et al.Periacetabular osteotomy after failed hip arthroscopy for labral tears in patients with acetabular dysplasia[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2011,93(Suppl 2):57-61. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01770
[130]
Sheean AJ, Barrow AE, Burns TC, et al.Iatrogenic hip instability treated with periacetabular osteotomy[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2017,25(8):594-599. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00231
[131]
Byrd JW, Jones KS.Hip arthroscopy in the presence of dysplasia[J]. Arthroscopy, 2003,19(10):1055-1060. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2003.10.010
[132]
Ricciardi BF, Mayer SW, Fields KG, et al.Patient characteristics and early functional outcomes of combined arthroscopic labral refixation and periacetabular osteotomy for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2016,44(10):2518-2525. DOI: 10.1177/0363546516651829
[133]
Matsuda DK, Wolff AB, Nho SJ, et al.Hip dysplasia: prevalence, associated findings, and procedures from large multicenter arthroscopy study group[J]. Arthroscopy, 2018,34(2):444-453. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.285
[134]
Ding Z, Chen J.Editorial commentary: arthroscopy for borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip: selection determines the outcomes[J]. Arthroscopy, 2020,36(9):2568-2571. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.07.028
Beck EC, Nwachukwu BU, Chahla J, et al.Patients with borderline hip dysplasia achieve clinically significant outcome after arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement surgery: A case-control study with minimum 2-year follow-up[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2019,47(11):2636-2645. DOI: 10.1177/0363546519865919
[137]
Chaharbakhshi EO, Hartigan DE, Perets I, et al.Is hip arthroscopy effective in patients with combined excessive femoral anteversion and borderline dysplasia? A match-controlled study[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2019,47(1):123-130. DOI: 10.1177/0363546518812859
[138]
Nakano N, Lisenda L, Jones TL, et al. Complications following arthroscopic surgery of the hip: a systematic review of 36 761 cases[J]. Bone Joint J, 2017,99-B(12):1577-1583. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.99B12.BJJ-2017-0043.R2
[139]
Ding Z, Sun Y, Liu S, et al.Hip arthroscopic surgery in borderline developmental dysplastic hips: a systematic review[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2019,47(10):2494-2500. DOI: 10.1177/0363546518803367
[140]
Murata Y, Fukase N, Martin M, et al.Comparison between hip arthroscopic surgery and periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of patients with borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review[J]. Orthop J Sports Med, 2021,9(5):23259671211007401. DOI: 10.1177/23259671211007401
[141]
Adler KL, Giordano BD.The utility of hip arthroscopy in the setting of acetabular dysplasia: a systematic review[J]. Arthroscopy, 2019,35(1):237-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.07.048
[142]
Mercier M, Dangin A, Ollier E, et al.Does acetabular dysplasia affect outcome in arthroscopic treatment of cam femoroacetabular impingement? Case-control study with and without acetabular dysplasia[J]. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 2019,105(1):7-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.011
[143]
Maldonado DR, Kyin C, Shapira J, et al.Revision hip arthroscopy in the borderline dysplastic population: reporting outcomes with minimum 2-year follow-up, with a subanalysis against a propensity-matched nondysplastic control group[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2021,49(1):66-75. DOI: 10.1177/0363546520969878
[144]
Hatakeyama A, Utsunomiya H, Nishikino S, et al.Predictors of poor clinical outcome after arthroscopic labral preservation, capsular plication, and cam osteoplasty in the setting of borderline hip dysplasia[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2018,46(1):135-143. DOI: 10.1177/0363546517730583
[145]
Maldonado DR, Perets I, Mu BH, et al.Arthroscopic capsular plication in patients with labral tears and borderline dysplasia of the hip: analysis of risk factors for failure[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2018,46(14):3446-3453. DOI: 10.1177/0363546518808033
[146]
Yoon SJ, Lee SH, Jang SW, et al.Hip arthroscopy of a painful hip with borderline dysplasia[J]. Hip Pelvis, 2019,31(2):102-109. DOI: 10.5371/hp.2019.31.2.102
[147]
Kuroda Y, Saito M, Sunil Kumar KH, et al. Hip arthroscopy and borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review[J]. Arthroscopy, 2020,36(9):2550-2567.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.05.035
[148]
Wyatt M, Weidner J, Pfluger D, et al.The femoro-epiphyseal acetabular roof (fear) index: a new measurement associated with instability in borderline hip dysplasia?[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2017,475(3):861-869. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-5137-0
[149]
Siebenrock KA, Kistler L, Schwab JM, et al.The acetabular wall index for assessing anteroposterior femoral head coverage in symptomatic patients[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012,470(12):3355-3360. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-012-2477-2
[150]
Zimmerer A, Schneider MM, Nietschke R, et al.Is hip arthroscopy an adequate therapy for the borderline dysplastic hip? Correlation between radiologic findings and clinical outcomes[J]. Orthop J Sports Med, 2020,8(5):2325967120920851. DOI: 10.1177/2325967120920851