1Department of Urology, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; 2Department of Pathology, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; 3Department of Ultrasound, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; 4Master of Clinical Practice, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 321000, China
Abstract:Objective To explore the anatomical distribution and basic spatial structure of the microneural network around the prostate.Methods A prospective study was performed on 12 patients who underwent radical bladder and prostatectomy for bladder malignancies from January 2015 to December 2017 in Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University. Fresh prostate and bladder full-cut specimens were divided into base, middle and tip according to the natural anatomy. The pathological sections of the three-part organization team were sliced, and the 12 points of the numbered Ⅰ~ⅫI were divided clockwise into the 12 points of the pathological section centered by the pathological slice center. The corresponding areas on the left and right sides of the prostate were merged into the ventral side, Area (Ⅻ+Ⅰ area), anterolateral anterior area (Ⅱ+Ⅺ area), anterior lateral area (Ⅲ+Ⅹ area), posterolateral area (Ⅳ+Ⅸ area), posterior lateral area (Ⅴ+Ⅷ area) and back. There are 6 sectoral areas in the side area (Ⅵ+Ⅶ area). Taking the prostate capsule as the boundary, according to the distance from the prostate capsule 2.0 mm and 4.0 mm, the surrounding tissue of the prostate capsule was divided into three ring-shaped observation areas from the inside to the outside, which were A1 area, A2 and A3 area, respectively. The number of nerve fibers in three anatomical sites, six regions and 18 observation zones were counted, and the distribution characteristics and spatial structure of nerve fibers were observed.Results A total of 168 large-sized sections were obtained from 12 specimens in the whole group, and 108 slices were finally included. Among them, 36 sections were included in the base, middle and tip of the prostate. A total of 17,881 bundles of nerve fibers were observed in the surrounding tissues of the prostate capsule, including a basement nerve fiber of 9 443 (52.81%), a central 6 102 bundle (34.13%), and a tip 2 336 (13.06%). A total of 5 819 bundles (32.54%) of the ventral, ventral anterior and anterolateral nerve fibers of the prostate were significantly lower than the 12 062 (67.46%) of the posterolateral, posterolateral and dorsal sides. The number of nerve fibers in different observation areas outside the prostate capsule was 8 231 in the A1 area, 5 963 in the A3 area, and 3 687 in the A2 area. In the three anatomical sites and six regions, the nerve fibers were mainly distributed in the posterolateral, posterolateral and dorsal sides of the prostate. The number of basal, central and apical nerve fibers was 6 576 (36.8%) and 4 112(23.0%), respectively. 1 374(7.6%) bundles, especially in the posterolateral region, the most distributed nerve fibers; and the ventral, ventral anterior and anterior lateral, respectively, 2 867(16.0%) bundles, 1 990(11.1%) bundles and 962(3.4%) bundles, among which the ventral region had the least distribution of nerve fibers. There were significant differences in the distribution of peripheral nerves of the prostate capsule in different anatomical regions and regions (χ2=552.700, P<0.01). The three-dimensional spatial distribution of the peripheral nerve network of the prostate envelope: (1) The number of nerve fibers in the posterolateral, posterolateral and dorsal sides was significantly higher than that in the ventral, ventral anterior and anterior lateral. (2) Number of nerve fibers in different observation areas: the base part was A3>A1>A2 area, and the number was far from the prostate capsule. The middle part was A1>A2 >A3 area, and the number was near the prostate capsule. The tip was the lower part of the A1>A3>A2 area, and the upper part was the A1>A2>A3 area.Conclusions Three-dimensional anatomical structure of the peripheral nerve network of the prostate: at the base of the prostate, the number of nerve fibers is the largest, most of which are distributed in the dorsal region of the prostate, away from the outer layer of the prostate capsule; at the tip end, the number of nerve fibers is the least, the nerve fibers turn to the ventral region, the inner layer closest to the prostate capsule; the middle is the gradual transition zone of nerve fibers.
朱再生, 施红旗, 周鹏飞, 徐礼臻, 周一波, 朱伊祎, 陈加俊. 前列腺周围显微神经网三维解剖结构的观察[J]. 中华解剖与临床杂志, 2019, 24(6): 596-602.
Zhu Zaisheng, Shi Hongqi, Zhou Pengfei, Xu Lizhen, Zhou Yibo, Zhu Yiyi, Chen Jiajun. Anatomical study of the three-dimensional structure of micro-neural network around the prostate. Chinese Journal of Anatomy and Clinics, 2019, 24(6): 596-602.
Walz J, Epstein JI, Ganzer R, et al. A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy of the prostate related to optimisation of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy: an update[J]. Eur Urol, 2016, 70(2): 301-311. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.026.
[2]
Schlegel PN, Walsh PC. Neuroanatomical approach to radical cystoprostatectomy with preservation of sexual function[J]. J Urol, 1987, 138(6): 1402-1406. DOI:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43655-x.
[3]
Pavlovich CP, Rocco B, Druskin SC, et al. Urinary continence recovery after radical prostatectomy-anatomical/reconstructive and nerve-sparing techniques to improve outcomes[J]. BJU Int, 2017, 120(2): 185-196. DOI:10.1111/bju.13852.
[4]
Kiyoshima K, Yokomizo A, Yoshida T, et al. Anatomical features of periprostatic tissue and its surroundings: a histological analysis of 79 radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens[J]. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2004, 34(8): 463-468. DOI:10.1093/jjco/hyh078.
[5]
Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Fritsch H, et al. Anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: ‘curtain dissection’ of the neurovascular bundle[J]. BJU Int, 2005, 95(9): 1226-1231. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05510.x.
[6]
Porpiglia F, Bertolo R, Manfredi M, et al. Total anatomical reconstruction during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: implications on early recovery of urinary continence[J]. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(3): 485-495. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.08.005.
[7]
Eichelberg C, Erbersdobler A, Michl U, et al. Nerve distribution along the prostatic capsule[J]. Eur Urol, 2007, 51(1): 105-111. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.038.
[8]
Ganzer R, Blana A, Gaumann A, et al. Topographical anatomy of periprostatic and capsular nerves: quantification and computerised planimetry[J]. Eur Urol, 2008, 54(2): 353-360. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.04.018.
[9]
Asimakopoulos AD, Miano R, Galfano A, et al. Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: critical appraisal of the anatomic landmarks for a complete intrafascial approach[J]. Clin Anat, 2015, 28(7): 896-902. DOI:10.1002/ca.22576.
[10]
Menon M, Dalela D, Jamil M, et al. Functional recovery, oncologic outcomes and postoperative complications after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: an evidence-based analysis comparing the retzius sparing and standard approaches[J]. J Urol, 2018, 199(5): 1210-1217. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2017.11.115.
[11]
Alsaid B, Bessede T, Diallo D, et al. Division of autonomic nerves within the neurovascular bundles distally into corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum components: immunohistochemical confirmation with three-dimensional reconstruction[J]. Eur Urol, 2011, 59(6): 902-909. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.02.031.
[12]
Costello AJ, Dowdle BW, Namdarian B, et al. Immunohistochemical study of the cavernous nerves in the periprostatic region[J]. BJU Int, 2011, 107(8): 1210-1215. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09711.x.
[13]
Pisipati S, Ali A, Mandalapu RS, et al. Newer concepts in neural anatomy and neurovascular preservation in robotic radical prostatectomy[J]. Indian J Urol, 2014, 30(4): 399-409. DOI:10.4103/0970-1591.142064.
[14]
Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention[J]. J Urol,1982,128(3): 492-497. DOI:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53012-8..
[15]
Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention[J]. J Urol, 2017, 197(2S): S165-S170. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.105.
[16]
Takenaka A, Murakami G, Soga H, et al. Anatomical analysis of the neurovascular bundle supplying penile cavernous tissue to ensure a reliable nerve graft after radical prostatectomy[J]. J Urol, 2004, 172(3): 1032-1035. DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000135648.33110.df.
[17]
Shin T, Ukimura O, Gill IS. Three-dimensional printed model of prostate anatomy and targeted biopsy-proven index tumor to facilitate nerve-sparing prostatectomy[J]. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(2): 377-379. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.09.024.
[18]
El-Hakim A, Leung RA, Tewari A. Robotic prostatectomy: a pooled analysis of published literature[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2006, 6(1): 11-20. DOI:10.1586/14737140.6.1.11.
[19]
Tewari A, Takenaka A, Mtui E, et al. The proximal neurovascular plate and the tri-zonal neural architecture around the prostate gland: importance in the athermal robotic technique of nerve-sparing prostatectomy[J]. BJU Int, 2006, 98(2): 314-323. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06266.x.
[20]
Ganzer R, Stolzenburg JU, Neuhaus J, et al. Anatomical study of pelvic nerves in relation to seminal vesicles, prostate and urethral sphincter: immunohistochemical staining, computerized planimetry and 3-dimensional reconstruction[J]. J Urol, 2015, 193(4): 1205-1212. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.001.
[21]
Miyake H, Behnsawy HM, Hinata N, et al. Objective assessment of residual nerve tissues in radical prostatectomy specimens by immunohistochemical staining of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive nerves and its impact on postoperative erectile function[J]. Urology, 2014, 84(6): 1395-1401. DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2014.05.081.
[22]
Takenaka A, Tewari A, Hara R, et al. Pelvic autonomic nerve mapping around the prostate by intraoperative electrical stimulation with simultaneous measurement of intracavernous and intraurethral pressure[J]. J Urol, 2007, 177(1): 225-229. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.104.