Abstract:Objective To summarize the research progress on the structure, function, and clinical significance of the main anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins.Methods The key words “vertebral venous plexus” “pterygoid venous plexus” “emissary vein” “diploic venous” “extracranial venous outflow” “椎静脉丛” “翼丛” “导静脉” “板障静脉”and “颅外静脉引流”were used to identify articles discussing the anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins from PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI, Wanfang databases from January 1957 to January 2019.Results were summarized and analyzed.Results A total of 518 studies from the literature are searched, and 35 articles are finally included in accordance with the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. The venous plexus, emissary vein, and diploic venous communicate with one another and with the venous sinus to form the extensive anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins. MRI, CT, and other imaging techniques are used to clarify the anatomical relationship between lesions and these intra- and extracranial venous anastomoses, and these techniques are of great value for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery and endovascular therapy. These channels are also involved in intracranial pressure regulation and may be associated with neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.Conclusions Understanding the structure and function and of the main anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins the relationship between intracranial lesions and these venous channels is of great value for the endoscopic surgery of the skull base and endovascular therapy. The anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins are more complex than arterial anastomoses. Further research is needed to clarify the physiological and hemodynamic characteristics of these channels.
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Wu Xianqun, Wang Shousen. Update on the anastomoses of intra- and extracranial veins. Chinese Journal of Anatomy and Clinics, 2020, 25(4): 452-456.
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